Tinitus adalah sensasi mendengar suara dering, denging, dengung, desis, siulan, atau suara lainnya Gejala tinitus pada setiap orang bisa bervariasi. Tinitus dapat terdengar seperti berdering, berdenging, mendengung, bersiul, berdesir, mendesis, dan lain sebagainya. Sebagian besar kasus tinitus bersifat subjektif, artinya hanya Anda yang dapat mendengar suara tinitus tanpa ada suara dari luar (eksternal). Dalam kasus yang jarang terjadi, suara suara tinitus berupa berdenyut secara ritmis, ini berarti suara tersebut terjadi dengan pola yang berulang-ulang atau sesuai dengan irama tertentu sering kali mengikuti detak jantung Anda. Dalam kasus ini, dokter mungkin dapat mendengar suara tersebut dengan stetoskop dan hal tersebut dianggap sebagai tinitus objektif. Seringkali, tinitus objektif mempunyai penyebab yang dapat diidentifikasi dan dapat diobati.
Apa Penyebab Tinitus?
Meskipun penyebab pasti dari tinitus belum sepenuhnya dipahami, tetapi penyebab tinitus dikaitkan dengan hal-hal berikut:
Penyebab Tinitus yang Umum
- Paparan suara bising. Banyak orang mengalami tinitus setelah terpapar suara keras di tempat kerja, tempat olahraga atau konser. Tinitus juga merupakan disabilitas terkait layanan yang paling umum di kalangan veteran karena suara keras yang mungkin mereka alami akibat tembakan, mesin, ledakan bom, atau sumber suara keras lainnya.
- Gangguan pendengaran. Gangguan pendengaran yang dapat disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor seperti penuaan atau paparan suara keras, sangat terkait dengan tinitus. Namun, tidak berarti semua orang yang yang mengalami gangguan pendengaran mengalami tinitus juga.
- Obat-obatan. Tinitus dapat menjadi efek samping dari penggunaan obat-obatan tertentu, terutama jika dikonsumsi dalam dosis tinggi. Obat-obatan yang berhubungan dengan tinitus termasuk obat antiinflamasi nonsteroid (misalnya ibuprofen, naproxen, dan aspirin), antibiotik tertentu, obat antikanker, obat antimalaria, dan antidepresan.
- Kotoran telinga atau infeksi telinga. Penyumbatan saluran telinga oleh kotoran telinga atau cairan akibat infeksi telinga dapat memicu tinnitus.
- Cedera kepala atau leher. Cedera kepala atau leher dapat merusak struktur telinga, saraf yang membawa sinyal suara ke otak, atau area otak yang memproses suara sehingga menyebabkan tinitus.
Penyebab Tinitus yang Jarang Dialami
- Penyakit Meniere. Tinitus bisa menjadi gejala penyakit Meniere, kelainan telinga bagian dalam yang juga dapat menyebabkan masalah keseimbangan dan gangguan pendengaran.
- Masalah sendi rahang. Sendi yang menghubungkan rahang bawah dengan tengkorak berada dekat dengan telinga. Kebiasaan mengatupkan rahang degan keras atau menggemeretakkan gigi dapat merusak jaringan di sekitarnya sehingga menyebabkan atau memperburuk tinitus.
- Terkait tumor. Vestibular schwannoma (neuroma akustik) adalah tumor jinak pada saraf yang mengarah dari telinga bagian dalam ke otak. Neuroma akustik dan tumor kepala, leher, dan otak lainnya dapat menyebabkan tinitus.
- Masalah pembuluh darah. Tekanan darah tinggi, aterosklerosis, atau kelainan bentuk pembuluh darah, terutama jika berada di dalam atau dekat telinga, dapat mengubah aliran darah dan menyebabkan tinitus.
- Kondisi kronis. Diabetes, migrain, kelainan tiroid, anemia, dan kelainan autoimun tertentu seperti lupus dan multiple sclerosis adalah beberapa kondisi kronis yang dikaitkan dengan tinitus.
Meskipun ada banyak kemungkinan penyebab tinitus, bahkan beberapa orang mengalaminya tanpa alasan atau penyebab yang tidak diketahui.
Bagaimana Persepsi Kebisingan Dapat Muncul di Dalam Telinga?
Persepsi kebisingan di dalam telinga, yang dikenal sebagai tinnitus, dapat muncul sebagai hasil dari berbagai mekanisme yang melibatkan kerusakan pada telinga atau proses pengolahan informasi di otak. Salah satu teori terkemuka adalah bahwa tinitus dapat terjadi ketika adanya kerusakan pada telinga bagian dalam yang mengubah sinyal yang dibawa oleh saraf ke bagian otak yang memproses suara. Meskipun suara tinitus sepertinya terjadi di telinga, tetapi suara tinitus justru dihasilkan oleh otak Anda, di area yang disebut korteks pendengaran.
Bukti lain menunjukkan bahwa interaksi abnormal antara korteks pendengaran dan saraf-saraf lainnya mungkin berperan dalam tinitus. Korteks pendengaran berkomunikasi dengan bagian otak lainnya, seperti bagian yang mengontrol perhatian dan emosi, dan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beberapa penderita tinitus mengalami perubahan di area otak non-pendengaran tersebut.
Jadi, jika tinitus Anda disebabkan oleh hal-hal di atas, Anda perlu berkonsultasi lebih lanjut dengan dokter. Jika tinitus Anda disebabkan oleh gangguan pendengaran, maka kemungkinan besar dapat diatasi oleh alat bantu dengar. Segera konsultasikan ke audiologis atau konsultan pendengaran untuk mendapatkan solusi yang tepat untuk tinitus Anda.
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Sumber :
https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/tinnitus#symptoms
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